A stretcher is a brick that's placed lengthways along the wall (the normal position); a header is one that's placed perpendicular to the wall, with its end exposed. A soldier is placed vertically with its long narrow side exposed; a sailor is placed vertically with its long wide side (which would normally be its top ... or maybe its bottom?) exposed. A Shiner is placed on its side, lengthways along the wall; a rowlock is placed on its side perpendicular to the wall.
The other placements (bats and closers) involve cutting the bricks to a smaller size.
Wikipedia has a comprehensive, illustrated account of all these placements, as well as the various bonds. If you really want to know what all these things actually mean, I recommend it!
© Haydn Thompson 2017